The Impact of Hip Fractures in the Public Health System in Brazil (SUS) 2008 - 2017: The Orthopedist Task / O impacto das fraturas do quadril no SUS 2008 - 2017: O papel do ortopedista

Abstract Objective The present study intends to describe the profile of hospitalization and ambulatory rehabilitation of patients ≥ 50 years old due to hip fracture in the Brazilian Public Health System (SUS, in the Portuguese acronym). Methods This is a cross-sectional study of patients hospitalized due to hip fracture in the SUS between 2008 and 2017. Data included 441,787 hip fracture-related hospitalizations from the hospitalization database of the department of informatics of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SIH/DATASUS, in the Portuguese acronym), and data of patients who underwent rehabilitation from the ambulatory database of the department of informatics of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SIA/DATASUS, in the Portuguese acronym.). Results Most of hip fracture-related hospitalizations (83.5%) happen to people ≥ 50 years old, with an average annual growth of 5.6% in hip fracture-related hospitalizations. The costs for the government have been growing in the same proportion and reached almost BRL 130 million in 2017, although with a 13.6% decrease in average cost per hospitalization. Besides the financial impact, hip fractures result in an in-hospital mortality rate around 5.0% in patients aged ≥ 50 years old. In addition, the percentage of patients that have undergone hip fracture-related rehabilitation increased from 2008 (14.0%) to 2012 (40.0%), and remained stable after that. Conclusions The progressive increase in the incidence of hip fractures shows the financial and social impact, and the need for immediate actions to prevent this rising trend. Hip fractures are a risk for secondary fractures, the prevention is crucial, and the orthopedist plays a central role in this process.

Resumo Objetivo O presente estudo tem como objetivo descrever o perfil de hospitalização e reabilitação ambulatorial de pacientes com idade ≥ 50 anos por fratura de quadril no Sistema Público de Saúde no Brasil (SUS). Métodos Trata-se de um estudo transversal de pacientes internados por fratura de quadril no SUS entre 2008 e 2017. Os dados incluíram 441.787 internações relacionadas à fratura de quadril do banco de dados de internação (SIH/DATASUS) e dados de pacientes submetidos à reabilitação do banco de dados ambulatorial (SIA/DATASUS). Resultados A maioria das hospitalizações relacionadas à fratura de quadril (83,5%) ocorre em pessoas ≥ 50 anos, com um crescimento médio anual de 5,6% nas hospitalizações relacionadas à fratura de quadril (HRFQ). Os custos para o governo cresceram na mesma proporção e atingiram quase 130 milhões de reais em 2017, embora com uma redução de 13,6% no custo médio por hospitalização. Além do impacto financeiro, as fraturas de quadril resultam em uma taxa de mortalidade hospitalar em torno de 5,0% em pacientes ≥ 50 anos. Além disso, o percentual de pacientes submetidos à reabilitação relacionada à fratura de quadril aumentou de 2008 (14,0%) para 2012 (40,0%) e permaneceu estável após esse período. Conclusões O aumento progressivo da incidência de fraturas de quadril mostra o impacto financeiro e social e a necessidade de ações imediatas para evitar essa tendência crescente. As fraturas de quadril são um risco para fraturas secundárias, a prevenção é crucial e o ortopedista desempenha um papel central nesse processo.

Management and prevention of diabetes in primary health care in Amazonas / Ações de prevenção e controle de diabetes na atenção primária no Amazonas

Actions for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes (T2DM PM) are priorities within primary health care, from the dispensing of specific medications to non-pharmacological actions, such as physical activity and nutrition. The aim of the study was to describe prevention and man-agement of type 2 diabetes actions and their components in primary health settings in the State of Amazonas, Brazil. An observational study based on RE-AIM framework. Preventions and manage-ments actions approach were described by 5 dimensions: (R) reach, (E) effectiveness, (A) adoption, (I) implementation, and (M) maintenance. Data was collected in Primary Health Care Units from 6 cities from Amazonas, Brazil. The questionnaires were addressed to managers regarding current T2DM PM programs and their development. This study identified 17 different types of diabetes prevention and/or management actions currently implemented. Eleven actions included both pre-vention and management actions with 53.8% focusing on physical activity and nutrition orientation. However, zero actions reported any form of evaluation measuring changes in physical activity and nutrition behavior, and actions reported collecting feedback from participants, providers, and health professionals' workers. A total of 310 health professionals participated in diabetes actions, including 4 physical educational professionals and 3 nutritionists, with 100% of the efforts coordinated by nurses. Actions were based on traditional health education practices such as lectures and did not have practical activities that help to change and maintain healthy habits. Despite this, primary care plays a fundamental role in caring for users with chronic illnesses in cities in the interior of Amazonas

Ações de prevenção e controle da diabetes do tipo 2 (T2DM) são prioridades dentro da atenção primária de saúde, desde a dispensação de medicações específicas, às ações não medicamentosas como atividade física e nutrição. O objetivo foi caracterizar ações de prevenção e manejo (PM) e seus componentes na atenção primária no Estado do Amazonas, Brasil. Estudo observacional baseado no modelo RE-AIM. Estratégias adotadas em ações de PM foram descritas pelas 5 dimensões: (R) Alcance, (E) Efetividade, (A) Adoção, (I) Implementação e (M) Manutenção. Dados foram coletados em Unidades Básicas de Saúde em 6 cidades do Amazonas, Brasil. Os questionários endereçados aos gestores visavam ações de PM e seu desenvolvimento. Este estudo identificou 17 diferentes tipos de ações. Onze ações contemplaram ambas as estratégias de PM com 53,8% focadas em atividade física e orientações nutricionais. No entanto, nenhuma ação relatou mensuração para avaliação de mudanças no nível de atividade física e no comportamento nutricional. As ações baseiam suas avaliações em coleta de feedback dos participantes, equipe executora e profissionais de saúde. Ao todo, 310 profissionais de saúde participaram de ações, incluindo 4 profissionais de educação física e 3 nutricionistas, sendo 100% dos esforços coordenados por enfermeiros. As ações de PM da T2DM são baseadas em práticas tradicionais de educação em saúde como palestras e não possuem atividades práticas que auxiliem na mudança e manutenção de comportamentos saudáveis. Apesar disso, a atenção primária exerce um papel fundamental no cuidado ao usuário portador de doença crônica em municípios do interior do Amazonas

População com risco cardiovascular elevado em uso de medicamento e aconselhamento: a situação do Brasil em relação à meta mundial, 2014-2015 / Población de riesgo cardiovascular elevado en uso de medicamento y asesoramiento: la situación de Brasil en relación al objetivo mundial, 2014-2015 / Population with high cardiovascular risk receiving drug therapy and counseling: Brazil's status regarding the global goal, 2014-2015

Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência de risco cardiovascular (RCV) elevado, a proporção de pessoas com RCV elevado que recebem tratamento e aconselhamento, e investigar os fatores sociodemográficos associados ao desfecho, no Brasil. Métodos: Estudo transversal, com dados de subamostra da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, coletados por exames bioquímicos, em 2014-2015. Empregou-se regressão de Poisson. Resultados: A proporção de RCV elevado em homens foi de 11,2% (IC95% 9,6;12,9), e em mulheres, de 10,4% (IC95% 9,2;11,8%). No grupo com RCV elevado, 68,8% (IC95% 63,7;73,4%) receberam aconselhamento; 59,3% (IC95% 54,2;64,3%), medicamento; e 55,6% (IC95% 50,4;60,7%), ambos. Na análise multivariável, receber tratamento e aconselhamento mostrou associação com a idade de 50 anos e mais, e com autoavaliação de saúde ruim/muito ruim (RP=1,26 - IC95% 1,06;1,51). Conclusão: A proporção de pessoas com RCV elevado que receberam tratamento e aconselhamento foi superior a 50%.

Objetivo: Estimar la prevalência de riesgo cardiovascular (RCV) elevado, la proporción de personas con RCV elevado que reciben tratamiento y asesoramiento, e investigar los factores sociodemográficos asociados al resultado, en Brasil. Métodos: Estudio transversal, con datos de la submuestra de la Investigación Nacional de Salud, recolectados por exámenes bioquímicos, en 2014-2015. Se usó la regresión de Poisson. Resultados: La proporción de RCV elevado en hombres fue del 11,2% (IC95% 9,6; 12,9) y en mujeres del 10,4% (IC95% 9,2;11,8%). En el grupo con RCV elevado, 68,8% (IC95% 63,7; 73,4%) recibió asesoramiento, 59,3% (IC95% 54,2;64,3%) medicamento y 55,6% (IC95% 50,4;60,7%) ambos. En el análisis multivariable, recebir tratamiento y asesoramiento se mostró asociado a la edad de 50 años y más, y a autoevaluación de salud mala/muy mala (RP=1,26 - IC95% 1,06;1,51). Conclusión: La proporción de personas con RCV elevado que recibió tratamiento y asesoramiento fue superior a 50%.

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of high cardiovascular risk (CVR), the proportion of people with high CVR who receive treatment and counseling, and to investigate the sociodemographic factors associated with this outcome, in Brazil. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, using subsample data from the National Health Survey, collected via biochemical tests, in 2014-2015. Poisson regression was used. Results: The proportion of high CVR in men was 11.2% (95%CI 9.6;12.9), and 10.4% (95%CI 9.2;11.8%) in women. In the group with high CVR, 68.8% (95%CI 63.7;73.4%) received counseling, 59.3% (95%CI 54.2;64.3%) received medication, and 55.6% (95%CI 50.4;60.7%) received both. In the multivariate analysis, receiving treatment and counseling was associated with being aged 50 years and over, and poor/very poor self-rated health (PR=1.26 - 95%CI 1.06;1.51). Conclusion: The proportion of people with high CVR who had received treatment and counseling was over 50%.

Inequalities in mammography and Papanicolaou test coverage: a time-series study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Cancer is a serious public issue problem worldwide. In Brazil, breast cancer is the most common type and cervical cancer is the third most frequent among women. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the temporal trend of coverage of mammography and cervical oncotic cytological testing, between 2007 and 2018. DESIGN AND SETTING: Time-series study conducted in the 26 Brazilian state capitals and in the Federal District. METHODS: A linear regression model was used to estimate trends in coverage of mammography and cervical oncotic cytological testing over the period. The data collection system for Surveillance of Risk and Protection Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey (Vigitel) was used. RESULTS: A significant increase in mammography coverage was observed, from 71.1% in 2007 to 78.0% in 2018. There was a trend towards an increase among women with 0 to 8 years of schooling, in all regions of Brazil. Regarding cervical oncotic cytological testing coverage, there was a trend towards stability during the period analyzed, reaching 81.7% in 2018. On the other hand, there was a significant increase in the northern region. CONCLUSIONS: There was an improvement in the coverage of these screening examinations, especially regarding mammography. However, it is still necessary to expand their provision, quality and surveillance, aimed towards women's health.

Desigualdad social en México en el uso de servicios de tamizaje en adultos: un análisis de las encuestas nacionales de salud 2006 y 2012 / Social inequality in the use of screening tests in Mexico: an analysis of the national health surveys 2006 and 2012

Resumen Objetivo: Medir la desigualdad en el uso de servicios de tamizaje en adultos de 20 a 59 años, a partir de las encuestas nacionales de salud y nutrición 2006 y 2012. Material y métodos: A partir de la selección de cinco indicadores de tamizaje en adultos (detección de diabetes, hipertensión y cánceres de mama, cérvicouterino y de próstata) se estimaron el índice de Kuznets, el índice de desigualdad de la pendiente y el índice de concentración de salud, considerando como indicadores sociales la escolaridad, etnicidad, desempleo, nivel socioeconómico y tipo de protección en salud. Resultados: Las coberturas de las cinco pruebas se incrementaron, sin embargo, la desigualdad observada disminuyó únicamente en las intervenciones en mujeres; en el caso de la detección de cáncer de próstata se incrementó. Conclusión: Si bien es importante monitorear el desempeño de los servicios curativos, persiste el reto de asegurar el acceso efectivo y equitativo a servicios de diagnóstico temprano.

Abstract Objective: To measure health inequality in the use of screening services in adults from 20 to 59 years of age from the 2006 and 2012 national health and nutrition surveys. Materials and methods: Considering the selection of five indicators of screening in adults (detection of diabetes, hypertension, breast cancer, cervical cancer and prostate cancer), the Kuznets index, the slope inequality index and the health concentration index were estimated. Considering as social indicators schooling, ethnicity, unemployment, socioeconomic level and type of health protection. Results: The coverage of the five tests increased, but the inequality observed only decreased in the interventions in women; and in the case of the detection of prostate cancer it was increased. Conclusions: While it is important to monitor the performance of curative services, the challenge remains to ensure effective and equitable access to early diagnosis services.

Cervical arterial dissection: clinical characteristics in a neurology service in São Paulo, Brazil / Dissecção arterial cervical: características clínicas em um serviço de neurologia de São Paulo, Brasil

ABSTRACT Cervical arterial dissection accounts for only a small proportion of ischemic stroke but arouses scientific interest due to its wide clinical variability. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate its risk factors, outline its clinical characteristics, compare treatment with antiaggregation or anticoagulation, and explore the prognosis of patients with cervical arterial dissection. Methods: An observational, retrospective study using data from medical records on patients with cervical arterial dissection between January 2010 and August 2015. Results: The total number of patients was 41. The patients' ages ranged from 19 to 75 years, with an average of 44.5 years. The most common risk factor was smoking. Antiaggregation was used in the majority of patients (65.5%); 43% of all patients recanalized in six months, more frequently in patients who had received anticoagulation (p = 0.04). Conclusion: The presence of atherosclerotic disease is considered rare in patients with cervical arterial dissection; however, our study found a high frequency of hypertension, smoking and dyslipidemia. The choice of antithrombotic remains controversial and will depend on the judgment of the medical professional; the clinical results with anticoagulation or antiaggregation were similar but there was more recanalization in the group treated with anticoagulation; its course was favorable in both situations. The recurrence of cervical arterial dissection and stroke is considered a rare event and its course is favorable.

RESUMO As dissecções arterais cervicais correspondem somente a uma pequena proporção dos casos de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) isquêmico, mas despertam interesse científico devido à sua alta variabilidade clínica. Objetivos: Este estudo destina-se a avaliar os fatores de risco, desfechos clínicos, comparar o tratamento com anticoagulação e antiagregação, e avaliar o prognóstico desses pacientes. Métodos: Estudo observacional, retrospectivo utilizando dados de prontuários de pacientes com dissecção arterial cervical entre os períodos de janeiro de 2010 e agosto de 2015. Resultados: O número de pacientes foi 41. A idade foi de 19 a 75 anos, com idade média de 44,5 anos. O fator de risco mais comum encontrado foi o tabagismo. Antiagregação foi utilizada na maioria dos pacientes (65,5%); 43% dos pacientes apresentaram recanalização em seis meses, sendo esta mais frequentemente observada nos pacientes que receberam anticoagulação (p = 0,04). Conclusão: A presença de doença aterosclerótica é considerada rara em pacientes com dissecção arterial cervical. Entretanto, nosso estudo encontrou alta frequência de hipertensão arterial, tabagismo e dislipidemia. A escolha pela terapia antitrombótica permanece controversa e dependerá do julgamento clínico do médico; os resultados clínicos com anticoagulação ou antiagregação foram similares, mas houve maior taxa de recanalização no grupo tratado com anticoagulação. A recorrência de dissecação arterial cervical e AVC foi considerada rara e o curso, favorável.

Secondary prevention of coronary heart disease: a cross-sectional analysis on the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Coronary heart disease (CHD) remains a major cause of mortality worldwide and in Brazil. Use of standard medications after CHD has been proven to avoid new events and reduce early mortality. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to analyze secondary prevention of CHD and its association with the baseline characteristics of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional analysis on ELSA-Brasil data. METHODS: Secondary prevention of CHD recommended in standard guidelines (antiplatelet plus beta-blocker plus lipid-lowering drug, with or without angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, ACEI, or angiotensin receptor blockers, ARB) was evaluated in relation to sociodemographic data and the time since the coronary event. The chi-square test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Mann-Whitney test were performed, as necessary. RESULTS: Among 15,094 participants, 2.7% reported a previous diagnosis of CHD. Use of recommended drugs for secondary prevention was reported by almost 35% of the participants. Medication use for secondary prevention was generally more frequent among high-income participants than among low-income participants. Use of ARB and ACEI was different between participants who had private health insurance and those who only used the public healthcare system. Men were more likely to use medication than women. The frequency with which participants used the recommended drugs was similar in all time periods after CHD, but use of only one drug increased progressively across time periods. CONCLUSION: The use of medication for secondary prevention of CHD was lower than what is recommended in standardized guidelines, especially among women and lower-income participants.

Fatores associados a não realização de exame citopatológico em São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, 2015: estudo transversal de base populacional / Factores asociados a la no realización de examen citopatológico en São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 2015: estudio transversal de base poblacional / Factors associated with not having Pap Smears in São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2015: a cross-sectional population-based study

Objetivo: estimar a prevalência de exame citopatológico não realizado nos últimos três anos e de nunca realizado em mulheres, e analisar fatores associados. Métodos: estudo transversal, com mulheres de 20 a 69 anos de idade, em São Leopoldo, RS, Brasil, em 2015; calcularam-se as razões de prevalência (RP) por regressão de Poisson. Resultados: entre 919 mulheres, a prevalência de exame atrasado foi 17,8% (intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%15,4;20,3), e de nunca realizado, 8,1% (IC95%6,3;9,8); na análise ajustada, o aumento na prevalência de exame atrasado mostrou-se associado à classe econômica D/E (RP=2,1 - IC95%1,3;3,5), idade de 20-29 anos (RP=3,2 - IC95%2,1;4,9) e nenhuma consulta realizada (RP=3,0 - IC95%2,1;4,1); nunca ter realizado exame associou-se com classe econômica D/E (RP=2,6 - IC95%1,4;5,0), idade de 20-29 anos (RP=24,1 - IC95%6,4;90,9) e nenhuma consulta (RP=2,9 - IC95%1,7;4,8). Conclusão: a cobertura de exame foi alta e com iniquidade.

Objetivo: estimar la prevalencia de examen en mujeres, no realizado en los últimos tres años y de nunca realizado, y analizar factores asociados. Métodos: estudio transversal con mujeres de 20 a 69 años de edad de São Leopoldo, RS, Brasil, en 2015; se calcularon las razones de prevalencia (RP) por la regresión de Poisson. Resultados: entre 919 mujeres, la prevalencia de examen retrasado fue 17,8% (intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]15,4;20,3) y de nunca realizado fue del 8,1% (IC95%6,3;9,8); en el análisis ajustado, el aumento en la prevalencia de examen retrasado se asoció con clase económica D/E (RP=2,1 - IC95%1,3;3,5), a edad entre 20-29 años (RP=3,2 - IC95%2,1;4,9) y ninguna consulta (RP=3,0 - IC95%2,1;4,1); nunca haber realizado examen se asoció con clase D/E (RP=2,6 - IC95%1,4;5,0), a 20-29 años de edad (RP=24,1 - IC95%6,4;90,9) y ninguna consulta (RP=2,9 - IC95%1,7;4,8). Conclusión: la cobertura de examen fue alta y con inequidad.

Objective: to estimate the prevalence of Pap tests not performed in the last three years and never performed in women and to analyze factors. Methods: this was a cross-sectional study with women aged 20 to 69 years living in São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil, in 2015; prevalence ratios (PR) were calculated using Poisson regression. Results: among 919 women, prevalence of delayed testing was 17.8% (95% confidence interval [95%CI]15.4;20.3) and never tested prevalence was 8.1% (95%CI6.3%;9.8%); in the adjusted analysis, the increase in the prevalence of delayed testing was associated with economic class D/E (PR=2.1 - 95%CI1.3;3.5), being aged 20-29 years (PR=3.2 - 95%CI2.1;4.9) and not having had a medical appointment (PR=3.0 - 95%CI2.1;4.1); never having tested was associated with economic class D/E (PR=2.6 - 95%CI1.4;5.0), being aged 20-29 years (PR=24.1 - 95%CI6.4;90.9), and not having had a medical appointment (PR=2.9 - 95%CI1.7;4.8). Conclusion: coverage of the test was high but characterized by social inequality.

Stroke at baseline of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil): a cross-sectional analysis

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Secondary prevention of stroke is a very important goal for achieving continuous reduction in stroke mortality rates over the next decades. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional analysis on the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health ­(ELSA-Brasil), with data from Salvador, Vitória, Belo Horizonte, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Porto Alegre. METHODS: This descriptive analysis focused on secondary prevention of stroke among participants who self-reported a medical diagnosis of stroke at the baseline of ELSA-Brasil, and its association with sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS: Overall, 197 participants (1.3%) reported a prior medical history of stroke. Participants with stroke were older and less educated and had lower mean monthly family income, compared with non-stroke participants. Among all stroke cases, 23.7% did not use any medication for secondary prevention of stroke. Use of secondary prevention was higher among men than among women (respectively, 59.6% versus 40.4%; P = 0.02 for aspirin; and 71.4% versus 28.6%; P = 0.04 for other antiplatelet drugs). Having private health insurance was associated with greater use of less cost-effective and more expensive medications (like angiotensinogen receptor blockers) and a tendency to use antiplatelet drugs other than aspirin, among participants reporting stroke, compared with others. Use of medication decreased as time passed after suffering a stroke. CONCLUSIONS: In this sample of individuals with better access to healthcare services, use of secondary prevention for stroke was low, which may suggest that the situation in the general population is worse. Sex was the most important sociodemographic variable associated with low use of secondary prevention.

Prática de exames de rastreio para câncer de mama e fatores associados - Inquérito de Saúde da Mulher em Uberaba MG, Brasil, 2014 / Breast cancer screening practice and associated factors: Women's Health Survey in Uberaba MG Brazil, 2014

Resumo Os objetivos deste estudo foram caracterizar o perfil socioeconômico e epidemiológico das mulheres em Uberaba, segundo a prática de exames de rastreio para câncer de mama, bem como verificar os fatores associados à prática. Pesquisa transversal de base populacional, parte do Inquérito de Saúde da Mulher em Uberaba MG. Coleta por entrevista domiciliar, referentes à questões socioeconômicas, epidemiológicas e prática de exames de rastreio para câncer de mama. Amostra foi composta por 1.520 mulheres acima de 20 anos. Após o processamento dos dados, foi realizada análise estatística com medidas de associação pelo teste Qui-Quadrado; regressão bivariada e multivariada de Poisson, significância de 5%. Os resultados demonstraram um perfil de prática de exames de rastreio para câncer de mama com mulheres de raça/cor branca (66%), escolaridade e renda per capita elevada, estado conjugal "em união" (67,5%), não chefes de família (64,4%) e não tabagistas (64,6%). Os fatores associados à maior prática dos exames foram a faixa etária de 40-49 e 50-69 anos (RP = 0,7 e 0,64), renda per capita maior que um salário mínimo (RP = 1,17) e fonte de pagamento da mamografia pública ou por plano de saúde (RP = 1,98 e 1,94). Conclui-se que existem fatores relacionados à prática de exames de rastreio na amostra estudada.

Abstract This study aimed to characterize women's socioeconomic and epidemiological profile in Uberaba according to the breast cancer screening practice and identify associated factors with this practice. This is a cross-sectional research part of the Women's Health Survey in Uberaba (MG). Data was collected by home interview, referring to socioeconomic and epidemiological issues and breast cancer screening practice, from a sample of 1,520 women above 20 years of age. After processing the data, we performed statistical analysis with measures of association by the Chi-square test, bivariate and multivariate Poisson regression, with a significance level of 5%. The results showed a profile of breast cancer screening practice with white women (66%), high schooling and per capita income, in common-law marriage (67,5%), non-heads of households (64,4%) and non-smokers (64,6%). Factors associated with higher practice were the age groups 40-49 and 50-69 years (PR = 0.7 and 0.64), per capita income higher than one minimum wage (PR = 1.17) and public or health plan mammography coverage (PR = 1.98 and 1.94). We can conclude that factors associated with breast cancer screening practice have been identified in the studied sample.

Consumo de tabaco: Algunos antecedentes epidemiológicos / Tobacco consumption: epidemiological background

Resumen Hay varias razones que respaldan la persistencia de altas cifras sobre consumo de tabaco en Chile. Entre los principales impulsores podemos destacar la fuerte influencia de la industria tabacalera y la debilidad de las Políticas Nacionales de Salud en la prevención, control y regulación del consume de tabaco a nivel poblacional. Uno de los principales resultados de salud derivados del consumo de tabaco es la dependencia de la nicotina, la principal barrera clínica y psicológica para que los fumadores dejen de fumar. Las actualizaciones de la legislación chilena aún muestran un efecto limitado a nivel de población adulta, según datos proporcionados por la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2010, pero promisorios a nivel adolescentes según investigación local e internacional sobre población escolar (SENDA) y recientemente por la Encuesta Global de Jóvenes por el Tabaco (EMTJ 2016) La provision de acciones estructurales dirigidas a población general necesita ser complementada, con el fin de alentar y apoyar a los fumadores a dejar de fumar, considerando su rol fundamental en el control de la epidemia del tabaco, debido a la persistencia del consumo de tabaco en la población general. Consideramos que el abandono del tabaco debe ser un objetivo estratégico de prevención secundaria a considerar que permita aumentar el espectro de acciones propuestas por el Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco en Chile

There are several reasons supporting the persistence of high figures on tobacco smoking in Chile. Among the main drivers we can highlight the strong influence of the tobacco industry and the weakness of National Health Policies on the prevention, control and regulation of tobacco consumption at the population level. One of the main health outcomes derived for smoking consumption is nicotine dependence, the main clinical and psychological barrier for smokers to quit tobacco smoking. Even the Chilean legislation updates still show limited effect at adult population level, according to data provided from National Health Survey 2010, but promissory information from local and international research on scholar population (SENDA) and recently by the Global Youth for Tobacco Survey (EMTJ 2016). The provision of structural actions directed to general populations need to be complemented for other, in order to encourage and support smokers to quit, considering their sensitive cornerstone role controlling the tobacco epidemics due the persistence of tobacco consumption in the general population. We consider that smoking cessation should be a strategic secondary prevention target to be considered that allow to increase the spectrum of actions proposed by the Framework Convention on Tobacco control in Chile

Calidad y estilos de vida de pacientes con enfermedad coronaria sometidos a cateterismo cardiaco / Quality and style of life of patients with coronary heart disease undergoing cardiac catheterization

ResumenIntroducción: la enfermedad coronaria ha mostrado un efecto sobre la calidad de vida de los pacientes y la familia, ya que después de un cateterismo cardiaco los pacientes deben modificar sus prácticas y creencias en los estilos de vida para limitar la recidiva de la enfermedad crónica. Objetivo: describir las dimensiones de calidad de vida y prácticas y creencias en los estilos de vida de los pacientes con enfermedad coronaria posterior a cateterismo cardiaco.Metodología: estudio transversal con una muestra no probabilística de 32 pacientes adultos de ambos sexos, sometidos a cateterismo cardiaco. Los datos se recolectaron con escalas de calidad de vida y prácticas y creencias en los estilos de vida. Una p < 0.05 indicó significación estadística. Resultados: el 78.1% eran hombres con 58 ± 10 años de edad, 75% con educación básica, el 59.4% con más de 2 vasos afectados, 21.9% con alto riesgo cardiovascular; 65.5% con calidad de vida regular y 96.9% tenía nivel bajo en prácticas y creencias. Las prácticas y creencias se asocian con la escolaridad (rs = 0.585, p = 0.000); quienes viven en provincia tienen mejor calidad de vida que quien vive en zona urbana (Z = -2.031, p = 0.042), pero en ambos grupos las prácticas y creencias son ¡guales (Z = -0.536, p = 0.592).Conclusiones: los pacientes con enfermedad coronaria de ambos sexos que son sometidos por primera vez a cateterismo cardiaco tienen una calidad de vida regular. Las personas con mayor nivel académico presentan mejores prácticas y creencias en los estilos de vida.

AbstractIntroduction: Coronary artery disease (CAD) has an impact on the quality of life of patients and their family, given that after undergoing cardiac catheterization, patients must modify their practices and lifestyle beliefs in order to prevent the relapse of this disease.Objective: To describe the dimensions of quality of life, practices and lifestyle beliefs of patients with CAD after cardiac catheterization.Methods: Cross-sectional study with a non-probability sampling that included 32 adult patients (male and female) undergoing cardiac catheterization. Data were collected with scales for assessing quality of life, behaviour and lifestyle beliefs. The analysis was performed using parametric and non-parametric statistics. There was statistical significance with a p value of < 0.05.Results: 78.1% were men with 58 ± 10 years, 75% had basic education, 59.4% had more than two affected vessels, 21.9% showed higher cardiovascular risk; 65.5% presented regular quality of life, and 96.9% had a low-level concerning practices and beliefs. Practices and beliefs were associated with schooling (rs = 0.585, p = 0.000); patients from outside Mexico City and its municipal openings have better quality of life than those who live in that area (Z = 2.031, p = 0.042); however, practices and beliefs are equal in both (Z = -0.536, p = 0.592).Conclusions: Male and female patients with CAD undergoing a first cardiac catheterization have regular life quality. People with higher levels of education have better practices and lifestyle beliefs.

Risk management in providing specialized care for people living with AIDS / Manejo del riesgo en la gestión del cuidado especializado a personas viviendo con sida / Manejo de risco na gestão do cuidado especializado a pessoas vivendo com aids

Abstract OBJECTIVE Analyzing the provision of actions related to managing clinical risk in managing specialized care for people living with AIDS. METHOD A cross-sectional study carried out in a reference outpatient clinic in Paraíba, with a sample of 150 adults with AIDS. Data were collected through primary and secondary sources using a structured questionnaire, analyzed using descriptive statistics, multiple correspondence analysis and logistic regression model to determine the association between "providing care" and "clinical risk." RESULTS Actions with satisfactory provision express a biological care focus; the dimensions that most contributed to a satisfactory assessment of care provision were "clinical and laboratory evaluations" and "prevention and self-care incentivization"; 45.3% of participants were categorized into high clinical risk, 34% into average clinical risk, and 20.7% into low clinical risk; a positive association between providing care and clinical risk was found. CONCLUSION The need to use risk classification technologies to direct the planning of local care provision became evident considering its requirements, and thus qualifying the care provided in these areas.

Resumen OBJETIVO Analizar la oferta de acciones relacionadas con el manejo de riesgo clínico en la gestión del cuidado especializado a personas viviendo con SIDA. MÉTODO Estudio transversal realizado en ambulatorio de referencia en el Estado de Paraíba, con muestra de 150 adultos con SIDA. Los datos fueron recolectados por medio de fuentes primarias y secundarias utilizándose formulario estructurado y analizados mediante estadística descriptiva, análisis de correspondencia múltiple y modelo de regresión logística para averiguar la asociación entre "oferta" y "riesgo clínico". RESULTADOS Las acciones de oferta satisfactoria expresan enfoque biologicista del cuidado; las dimensiones que más contribuyeron al juicio satisfactorio de la oferta fueron "evaluación clínica y de laboratorio" y "prevención y estímulo al autocuidado"; el 45,3% de los participantes fueron categorizados en riesgo clínico alto, el 34% en riesgo clínico medio y el 20,7% en riesgo clínico bajo; y se verificó asociación positiva entre oferta y riesgo clínico. CONCLUSIÓN Resultó evidente la necesidad de la utilización de tecnologías de clasificación de riesgo para dirigir la planificación de la oferta local, considerándose las necesidades, y así calificar el cuidado producido en esos espacios.

Resumo OBJETIVO Analisar a oferta de ações relacionadas ao manejo de risco clínico na gestão do cuidado especializado a pessoas vivendo com aids. MÉTODO Estudo transversal realizado em ambulatório de referência na Paraíba, com amostra de 150 adultos com aids. Os dados foram coletados por meio de fontes primárias e secundárias utilizando-se de formulário estruturado, e analisados através de estatística descritiva, análise de correspondência múltipla e modelo de regressão logística para averiguar a associação entre "oferta" e "risco clínico". RESULTADOS As ações de oferta satisfatória expressam foco biologicista do cuidado; as dimensões que mais contribuíram para o julgamento satisfatório da oferta foram "avaliação clínica e laboratorial" e "prevenção e estímulo ao autocuidado"; 45,3% dos participantes foram categorizados em risco clínico alto, 34% em risco clínico médio, e 20,7% em risco clínico baixo; e verificou-se associação positiva entre oferta e risco clínico. CONCLUSÃO Ficou evidente a necessidade da utilização de tecnologias de classificação de risco para direcionar o planejamento da oferta local, considerando-se as necessidades, e assim qualificar o cuidado produzido nestes espaços.

Impacto de la profilaxis secundaria en el manejo de pacientes con urolitiasis de alto riesgo de recidiva / Impact of secondary prophylaxis in the management of patients with high recurrence risk of urolithiasis

In a previous study, we showed our experience in a group of 54 patients with a high risk of urolithiasis recurrence, who were subjected to a complete metabolic evaluation. Aim: To report the evolution of these patients after 5 years of follow-up. Patients and Methods: All patients underwent a general management of urolithiasis plus specific treatments for underlying metabolic disorders. Each patient had an annual medical assessment including a clinical examination, urinalysis and imaging studies (non-enhanced computed tomography scan, ultrasonography and plain abdominal Rx rays). In every case, the underlying metabolic disorder, treatment adherence, stones on imaging studies and symptomatology were evaluated. Adherence of general and specific measures were evaluated subjectively. Failure of secondary prevention was defined as the recurrence of clinical or imaging urolithiasis (increase of the number of lithiasis) despite a correct treatment of the metabolic disorders. Results: Twenty nine patients completed the follow-up. Mean age was 45 years old. Nineteen patients (65%) had only one metabolic disorder, three patients (10%) two disorders, one patient (3%) four disorders, and six patients (21%) a normal metabolic study. The median of follow-up was 54 months (45-60). During that period, twenty-three patients (79%) kept the treatment as it was indicated. In this subgroup, 21 had no clinical or imaging recurrence of urolithiasis during follow-up (91%). Total adherence to treatment and follow-up was 42% (23/54) of the initial group of patients. Conclusions: A complete metabolic study allows to identify patients with a high risk of urolithiasis recurrence, enabling a specific treatment of the metabolic disorder. Our experience shows that 75% (21/29) of patients remain free of recurrence at five years of follow-up.

Proposals for the prevention of lung cancer in the health system of Mexico / Propuestas para la prevención de cáncer de pulmón en el sistema de salud en México

Abstract The management of lung cancer is challenging. However, nowadays the main goal is to achieve a significant overall survival accompanied by a good quality of life. Because smoking is associated with up to 71% of cancer deaths, the first policy that should be established is one that promotes strategies for healthy lifestyles by providing information about lung cancer, risk factors, protection factors, and precautionary data. Furthermore, an effective screening method that would allow early diagnosis should be established. Following diagnosis, the patient should be genotyped to identify predisposing mutations to give personalized medicine to the patient. The health system policies should include information that affects the health of the population and simultaneously allows for early diagnoses, resulting in a higher survival rate.

Resumen El manejo del cáncer de pulmón es un reto que tiene como objetivo una supervivencia global significativa que se vea rodeada de una buena calidad de vida. Si se considera que el tabaquismo está asociado hasta con 71% de las muertes por cáncer, la primera política que debe establecerse es la de proporcionar información sobre el cáncer de pulmón, factores de riesgo, factores de protección y datos de alarma mediante una estrategia de salud de línea de vida, además del establecimiento de un método de tamizaje efectivo que permita un diagnóstico temprano. Después del diagnóstico, debe realizarse una genotipificación para identificar mutaciones sensibles y para proporcionar un tratamiento personalizado al paciente. Las políticas del sistema de salud deben incluir información para que la población incida en su salud y también se puedan realizar diagnósticos tempranos que permitan una mayor supervivencia.

Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano e prevenção secundária de câncer de mama e colo do útero: um estudo ecológico / Human Development Index and secondary prevention of breast and cervical cancer: an ecological study / Índice de Desarrollo Humano y prevención secundaria del cáncer de mama y cáncer de cuello uterino: un estudio ecológico

Estudo ecológico que analisou a proporção da realização de mamografia e do exame de Papanicolaou e a associação destes com o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH), nas 26 capitais brasileiras e Distrito Federal, em 2011, com dados do VIGITEL. A proporção de mamografia em algum momento da vida esteve acima de 70% para todas as capitais estudadas. Entretanto, poucas capitais atingiram a meta de 80% para o Papanicolaou, tanto para a realização em algum momento da vida como nos últimos três anos. Houve forte correlação positiva entre IDH e as proporções desses exames (r = 0,52 e 0,66 para realização de mamografia em algum momento da vida e nos últimos dois anos e r = 0,66 e 0,71 para realização do Papanicolaou em algum momento da vida e nos últimos três anos, respectivamente). A razão de prevalência de mamografia nos últimos dois anos foi 1,06 (IC95%: 1,01-1,10) e para o Papanicolaou nos últimos três anos foi 1,07 (IC95%: 1,04-1,10). A promoção de políticas públicas que incentivem o desenvolvimento socioeconômico das cidades brasileiras favoreceria o aumento da cobertura desses exames.

This ecological study assessed mammography and Papanicolaou test (Pap smear) screening rates and their association with the Human Development Index (HDI) in Brazilian state capitals and Federal District in 2011, based on VIGITEL telephone survey data. More than 70% of women had a mammogram some time in life in all the state capitals, while the Pap smear rates any time in life and in the previous three years fell short of the 80% target in most state capitals. There was a strong positive correlation between HDI and the test rates (r = 0.52 and 0.66 for mammogram any time in life and in the previous two years and r = 0.66 and 0.71 for Pap smear any time in life and in the previous three years, respectively). Prevalence ratio (PR) for mammogram in the previous two years was 1.06 (95%CI: 1.01-1.10) and PR for Pap smear in the previous three years was 1.07 (IC95%: 1.04-1.10). The promotion of public health policies that encourage Brazil’s urban economic and social development should help increase coverage for these tests.

Estudio ecológico que examinó la proporción de realización de mamografías y citologías, y su asociación con el Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH) en 26 capitales de Brasil y el Distrito Federal, en 2011 (datos del VIGITEL). La proporción de mamografía en algún momento de la vida fue superior al 70% para todas las capitales, y pocas han alcanzado un 80% en el caso de la citología, en algún momento de la vida, así como en los últimos tres años. Hubo una fuerte correlación positiva entre el IDH y las proporciones de estas pruebas (r = 0,52 y 0,66 para la realización de la mamografía en algún momento de la vida y los últimos dos años y r = 0,66 y 0,71 para contar con una citología en algún momento de la vida y en los últimos tres años, respectivamente). La razón de prevalencia de la mamografía en los últimos dos años fue de un 1,06 (IC95%: 1,01-1,10) y para la citología -en los últimos tres años- fue de un 1,07 (IC95%: 1,04-1,10). El impulso de políticas públicas que promuevan el desarrollo económico y social de las ciudades brasileñas podría mejorar la cobertura de estos exámenes.

Prevención secundaria post infarto agudo de miocardio en hospitales públicos: implementación y resultados de las garantías GES / Universal health coverage and accomplishment of secondary prevention goals among patients with acute myocardial infarction

Background: In 2005, acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was included in a universal health plan (GES) to reduce inequity in care and optimize its diagnosis and treatment. Aim: To evaluate the effect of GES in risk factor control and therapeutic management among patients with AMI. Material and Methods: A survey was conducted in 2008-2009 in six public hospitals. Patients were identified from a hospital based registry of AMI and evaluated one year later with laboratory tests and an interview. Results: The registry enrolled 534 patients with ST and non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. Of these, 416 patients aged 63 ± 12 years (25% women) were evaluated one year later. Eighty three percent were evaluated by a cardiologist and 37% by a general practitioner. Twenty two percent were evaluated by a nurse and 22% by a nutritionist. At the moment of the interview, 9% smoked, 78% were overweight or obese, 24% performed moderate or vigorous physical activity ≥ 150 min/week, 60% had systolic pressure > 130 mmHg and 63% a diastolic pressure > 80 mmHg. In 30%, LDL cholesterol was > 100 mg/dl and in 43%, triglycerides were > 150 mm/dl. Twenty two percent were diabetic and among them, 52% had a glycosilated hemoglobin > 7%. Forty five percent of non-diabetic patients had a fasting glucose > 100 mg/dl. Ninety three percent were in treatment with aspirin, 86% with statins, 66% with b-blockers, and 73% with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers and 20% with clopidogrel. Conclusions: Despite the high proportion of patients in treatment with evidence-based therapy, many do not achieve the targets for risk factor control with the new health care model.

Logro de metas de prevención secundaria, prescripción farmacológica y eventos cardiovasculares mayores en pacientes con enfermedad coronaria / Achievement of cardiovascular prevention goals, pharmacologic prescription and major cardiovascular events among patients with coronary disease

Background: Implementation of health programs to reduce cardiovascular risk, are needed for secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Aim: To evalúate achievements of secondary prevention goals, pharmacologic prescription and major cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease. Material and Methods: Patients who had a first event of acute coronary syndrome, angioplasty or revascularization surgery, between January 2008 and June 2010, were contacted for a clinical and laboratory evaluation between June and October 2011. Results: Seven hundred and two medical records were reviewed and 245 eligible patients were identified. Ofthese, we assessed 202 patients aged 64 ± 10 years (70% males). Sixty seven percent had two ormore cardiovascular riskfactors. A goal ofHDL cholesterol level over 40 mg/dL was achieved in 91 % of patients, smoking cessation in 84% and a total cholesterol < 200 mg/dL in 66%. A blood pressure below 130/85 mm Hgwas achieved in 30% of patients, a normal BMI in 19% and LDL cholesterol levels below 70 mg/dL in 18%. At the moment of assessment, 87%> were using aspirin, 78%> statins, 74% angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor antagonists and 66%o were using β - blockers. Twenty two percent of patients had a major cardiovascular event during the follow up, which lasted 28 ± 8 months. Conclusions: A low percentage of cardiovascular goals achievement was observed in this sample of patients, with a high prevalence of overweight and obesity. A high percentage quit smoking after their first cardiovascular event. Despite the high percentage of drug prescription, hypertension and dyslipidemia were not fully controlled.

Prevenção cardiovascular abrangente em pacientes com doença arterial coronária: implementação das diretrizes na prática clínica / Cardiovascular prevention in coronary heart disease patients: guidelines implementation in clinical practice

OBJETIVO: Demonstrar a eficácia de um programa de otimização da prática clínica em pacientes com doença arterial coronária para prescrição de medicamentos e documentar a prática clínica vigente quanto aos medicamentos e medidas para a mudança do estilo de vida. MÉTODOS: Estudo de corte transversal, seguido de componente longitudinal. Foram incluídos 710 pacientes consecutivos (Fase 1). Após aplicação de ferramentas para melhoria da prática clínica, foram incluídos, após seis meses, 705 pacientes com coleta dos mesmos dados (Fase 2). Foram selecionados aleatoriamente, a partir do primeiro grupo, 318 prontuários para comparação desses mesmos pacientes (Fase 3). RESULTADOS: Comparação entre as Fases 1 e 2: melhora em relação a tabagismo (P=0,019), dislipidemia (P<0,001), hipertensão arterial e atividade física regular (P<0,001). Diferença significativa para inibidores da enzima de conversão da angiotensina - IECA (67,2% vs. 56,8%, P<0,001); antagonistas do receptor da angiotensina II - ARA II (25,4% vs. 32,9%, P=0,002) e betabloqueador (88,7% vs. 91,9%, P=0,047). Comparação entre as Fases 1 e 3: houve redução do peso (P=0,044) e pressão arterial (P<0,001). Em relação à prescrição de medicamentos recomendados, diferença para IECA (64,8% vs. 61,6%, P=0,011) e ARA II (27,0% vs. 31,3%, P=0,035). CONCLUSÃO: Não houve mudança significativa na utilização de medicamentos; entretanto, observou-se melhora significativa em relação ao tabagismo e atividade física na Fase 2; melhora substancial nos níveis de pressão arterial, na comparação tanto entre as Fases 1 e 2 como entre as Fases 1 e 3. A inclusão de enfermeiro treinado para gerenciar o processo foi fundamental. Programas abrangentes de melhoria de qualidade assistencial, provavelmente, devem ser continuados por período de seguimento maior.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the utilization of a clinical improvement program in stable coronary artery disease patients to increase the evidence-proven treatment utilization, and to describe the ongoing clinical practice and lifestyle change counseling. METHODS: Cross-sectional study followed by a longitudinal component in which the tools utilization to improve clinical practice was assessed by means of additional cross-sectional data collection. 710 consecutive patients were included (Phase 1). After tools implementation, within 6 months period, 705 patients were included (Phase 2) for comparative analysis. Randomly, 318 patients from Phase 1 were selected, 6-12 months after the first evaluation (Phase 3). RESULTS: Phase 1 to Phase 2: there were improvement on smoking cessation (P=0.019), dyslipidemia (P<0.001), hypertension and physical activity (P<0.001). There was significant difference on angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors - ACEI (67.2% vs. 56.8%, P<0.001); angiotensin II receptor blockers - ARB II (25.4% vs. 32.9%, P=0.002) and beta-blocker (88.7% vs. 91.9%, P=0.047). Phase 1 to Phase 3: there was both weight (P=0.044), and blood pressure reduction (P<0.001). There was statistical significant difference on ACEI (64.8% vs. 61.6%, P=0.011) and ARB II (27.0% vs. 31.3%, P=0.035). CONCLUSION: There was no significant change on the evidence-based pharmacological treatment utilization between pre and post-intervention phases; there was significant improvement concerning smoking and physical activity in phase 2; substantial improvement on blood pressure levels in both comparisons (Phase 1 to 2 and Phase 1 to 3). The inclusion of a case-manager for the process management was crucial for program efficacy. Comprehensive programs for clinical practice should be pursued for longer follow-up period.